Saturday, July 12, 2014

Botany picture #163: Aceras anthropophorum


It is winter here, and I am currently not interested in digging out older pictures, so I will continue with plants we saw on our trip to Europe. This well-known orchid is Aceras anthropophorum (Orchidaceae), again from south-western France. The specific epithet means "man-carrying" because the lower lip of the flowers could be interpreted to show a little man with two arms and two legs.

Descriptive names like that are fairly common in the older taxa. Indeed the entire orchid family is named, strangely enough, after the supposed resemblance of the tubers of some European species to testicles (Greek όρχις). Nice to know, I guess.

Thursday, July 10, 2014

So, how would we get a murderous super-AI, anyway?

Dwelling a bit on the obsessions of MIRI and other singularitarians from the LessWrong spectrum, I have idly wondered how exactly they imagine the kind of superhuman artificial intelligence (AI) they are so afraid of would come about. Even hand-waving the question of whether certain kinds of technology are even possible outside of fever dreams and Science Fiction novels, I see a rather limited number of options for the generation of AI.

Tuesday, July 8, 2014

Singularitarians are really really really strange

Only a few days ago I shook my head about people who breezily assume that, fast forward a few decades of technological progress, interstellar flight will be achievable. (And affordable!)

Now, made curious by a post on a blog that I read from time to time, I checked out the website of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI), a kind of Singularitarian think tank. Remember, Singularitarians are futurists who are convinced that progress is accelerating and will soon - that is, within the next few decades - produce a "technological singularity" beyond which everything will be unbelievably different.

The particular MIRI brand of singularitarian appears to be a computer nerd who further believes the way to achieve singularity is to build a self-improving artificial intelligence (AI), because it will then get even more intelligent in a fraction of the time it took to develop it, and the next iteration will improve itself even more, and one day later it has turned into Robot Jesus and there will be immortality, space flight and ponies for all. Because obviously a very intelligent computer must only do some super-quick armchair thinking and it will have solved all social, technological and scientific issues ever. Without having to do painstaking empirical testing of its ideas because it will just be that intelligent. And resource limits won't matter either because, hey, it will just be that intelligent.

(Yes, one does get the feeling that a certain kind of futurist computer nerd considers intelligence, which is sometimes even equated with computing speed, to be magic pixie dust.)

Conversely, they believe that the single greatest danger humanity faces is not resource depletion, antibiotics becoming useless, soil erosion, water shortages, biodiversity loss, or global change induced mass starvation, but instead that Robot Jesus may decide he'd be better off without us useless humans. So the mission of MIRI is to "ensure that the creation of smarter-than-human intelligence has a positive impact" as opposed to Terminator style genocide against humans. Which is obviously a very important goal, much more important than avoiding those other things I mentioned two sentences ago, and so we must all give them lots of donations to finance their, ahem, "research".

Before I looked at their website, I had unavoidably developed some preconceptions about what they might be like. Now that I have seen it, I find it depressing how accurate my preconceptions turned out to be.

Judging from their website, they seem to spend their time approximately as follows:
5% designing websites that look superficially sleek and professional but weird me out once I look closer. (Seriously, "apply to research this math"? "As featured in The New York Times"? Yes, that totally sounds like a legitimate research institute. Please go on.)

10% taking super pretentious staff portraits that they will later find embarrassing when if they grow up.

25% standing in front of white boards trying to look intelligent. Whether they succeed is in the eye of the beholder I guess.

30% writing "papers" that use a lot of big words in their titles to distract from the fact that no actual empirical research or AI development appears to be happening at MIRI (at least as far as I can tell). It is basically as if a biologist claimed that we are going to figure out how to repair telomers and thus achieve eternal youth and then spent their entire career merely writing letters to the editor and review articles summarising other people's work instead of, well, developing an enzyme that repairs our telomers.

20% calling for donations.

10% being unable to believe what a sweet gig they managed to land.

As far as their staff goes, this is what the page "our team" shows as of 7 July 2014. There are seven guys who look so young that unless told otherwise I would assume they'd be university students doing an internship but no, apparently one of them is the director; one guy who has made himself look a bit more senior by growing a beard; and one young woman - that's a full 11%! Yay for diversity and inclusiveness!

Their "research associates" are broadly similar in profile, only this time there is actually an emeritus professor among them. On the downside, there are zero women among them, which kind of reduces the percentage of women playing any role at MIRI to near 0%.

Looking at the titles of their publications:
  • Problems of Self-Reference in Self-Improving Space-Time Embedded Intelligence
  • Definability of Truth in Probabilistic Logic
  • Robust Cooperation on the Prisoner's Dilemma: Program Equilibrium via Provability Logic
  • A Comparison of Decision Algorithms on Newcomblike Problems
  • Ontological Crises in Artificial Agents' Value Systems
  • Intelligence Explosion and Machine Ethics
  • Intelligence Explosion Microeconomics
  • How We're Predicting AI--or Failing To
  • Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import
Although that is the title of the relevant web page, I hesitate to call it "research" because, again, most of these are review articles, opinion pieces and meta-stuff looking at how we look at the singularity. The only interesting papers are what we might broadly call philosophical treatises (especially logic and ethics), but I'd rather ask a MIRI-independent philosopher for their opinion before taking them seriously.

Ye gods but this must be awesome. Imagine spending your days fantasising about the potential implications of inventions that will never be made and actually being paid for it. And the sweet thing is, if they play their cards right they can ride that gravy train forever because despite the fact that all we have programmed to date is pretty stupid and that the only self-aware intelligences we have any experience with are biological, nobody has proof positive that a self-aware, highly intelligent and self-improving AI cannot be built. Prove me a negative, won't you?

As long as they don't set a date and perennially keep the moment Robot Jesus will come and make us immortal vaguely in the future (kind of like Christian Jesus has been said to come back any time now for the last two thousand years) MIRI can still ask for our donations in 80 or 200 years. And this being humans we are talking about, they will find takers.

Wishful thinking is a powerful force.

Monday, July 7, 2014

Botany picture #162: Rhamnus alaternus


Rhamnus alaternus (Rhamnaceae), France, 2014. Not much I can tell you about this plant except that I saw it on a rocky roadside slope when we were stopping to admire a waterfall. I then thought to myself, I have not the foggiest idea what this is but with such distinctively coloured fruits it cannot be hard to figure it out. And so it proved.

Friday, July 4, 2014

Techno-optimists are strange

Recently a post by PZ Myers at his blog Pharyngula, originally about how frequent intelligent life can be assumed to be in the galaxy, got derailed into an argument about whether the colonisation of space is possible and if yes, how. And I got drawn into it for some time, because I find the airy-fairy, dewy-eyed assumption that it is rather bizarre.

It is, of course, not just in that thread that I have run into the same line of thinking, and everywhere we look we can observe other types of techno-optimists. They fall into several categories, although those are partly overlapping and partly nested. Perhaps a small taxonomy as I grasp it:

Transhumanists are those who believe that we will become able to improve ourselves, perhaps through genetic engineering or cyborg implants, to the point where we will transcend the human condition. Immortality of some kind and freedom from disease are obvious items on their wish-list.

Singularitarians believe that humanity will achieve a stage of technological progress after which everything will be so different that we just cannot imagine how seriously different everything will be. Why and how varies; there are those who see technological progress as accelerating exponentially and simply anticipate the singularity as some moment when that acceleration becomes unprecedentedly fast. Many others believe in the coming of the Messiah the development of self-improving artificial intelligence which will conveniently solve all our problems for us.

Finally, Cornucopians are quite simply those who believe that the combination of human ingenuity and, usually, the incentives provided by the free market (praise be upon it) can magically overcome any limitation or shortage that we will ever be faced with. They include people who promote that ideology quite explicitly but in a wider sense also all those who reply, when for example the unsustainable use of resources is brought up, with the naive mantra that "they" will think of something once those resources really run out. (The irony being of course that if what is meant with "they" are scientists then the scientists have long thought of something: we should stop wasting so many resources. Sadly nobody wanted to hear that answer.)

Anyway, no matter how precisely the individual techno-optimist imagines our glorious future to be brought about, the colonisation of space is perhaps the most ludicrous idea of all.

Wednesday, July 2, 2014

Botany picture #161: Ornithogalum cf narbonense


Today's botany picture is a liliaceous monocot from south-western France which I would tentatively call Ornithogalum narbonense (Asparagaceae). While the plant itself is not all that spectacular, the picture gains a lot from that cute little guy hanging onto one of the tepals. Didn't even notice him while taking it.

By the way, the leaf-like floral organs are sepals and petals, respectively, if there is an outer green whorl and an inner colourful whorl. If, as in this case, there is no differentiation into two different types then they are all called tepals. Strangely my computer knows the first two terms but not the third.

Tuesday, July 1, 2014

In biological classification, rank is arbitrary

Today one of my alerts for scientific literature, well, alerted me to a newly published paper in the journal Paleobiology: Hendricks et al., The Genericifiation of the Fossil Record.

The starting point of the article is something that I had also noticed before: Studies of changes in diversity across geological time scales often use supraspecific taxa as their operational taxonomic units (OTU). Hendricks et al. stress the use of genera but there are cases of even higher level groups being counted, for example when the number of animal phyla before or after an extinction event is compared.

The problem is that while we can have a productive discussion about whether species are comparable with each other under this or that species concept, everybody but the most blinkered systematist will agree that higher ranks in the classification aren't - if you compare their numbers, apples and oranges don't have anything on it.

There are several reasons why that is the case.